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R. C. Sharma , A. N. Kaushal , S. C. Panwar

Abstract

Drying of 'desi' katha at six different temperatures, nine relative humidity levels and in Bry-air dehumidifier was studied. Drying was rapid at 30°C but katha characteristics were maintained well when drying was executed at 5 or l0°C. The duration of drying period was longer at 5°C as compared to drying to 30°C. Drying at 40 percent relative humidity took 50 days as compared to 125 days at 80 percent relative humidity to achieve the desired moisture content. In Bry-Air dehumidifier, it took only 7 days to achieve the desired moisture content in desi katha as compared to 45 days under traditional factory conditions.

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R. C. Sharma , Y. Khan , A. K. Gupta

Abstract

Development of Melampsora leaf rust in Populus ciliata reveals that clones, which were disease free during July, got infected in the month of August. Clone Kufri has least disease while Theog was most susceptible. Disease development was rapid between July and August months. PCM 5195, 5011, 5180 and 5157 hybrids of P. ciliata x P. maximowiczii had least disease while PCM 5084 and 5053 were highly susceptible. The development of disease was negatively
correlated with temperature but positively with relative humidity and rainfall.

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A. R. Sinha , R. C. Sharma

Abstract

No abstract

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B. S. Burfal , K. L. Meena , R. C. Sharma , C. B. Chhimwal

Abstract

In Uttar Pradesh (UP) there is only one representative of indigenous genus Populus, i.e. Populus ciliata. However, a number of exotic species and their clones were tried in UP since almost 50 years ago and after a decade of rigorous trials both in hills and plains (mainly Tarai region) only P. yunnanensis and P. deltoides were found most promising species respectively. In UP breeding of Poplar was also started successfully from 1982. By breeding, a number of new clones of Poplar have been developed and more than 30 clones have been found promising which have 25% to 70% more productivity than the exotic clones. The work on breeding and selection of new clones continues.

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R. C. Sharma , Sanjeev Sharma

Abstract

Populus ciliata, an indigenous species is widely distributed in Western Himalayas and is attacked by large number of pathogens. Cladosporium humile, the incitant of leaf spot causes defoliation of great magnitude to Ciliata in nurseries and plantations. During 1997-98, an defoliation of great magnitude to Ciliata in nurseries and plantations. During 1997-98, an experiment was conducted to assess 42 clones/species/hybrids of Populus species against C. humile. Out of 24 clones of P. ciliata, none was found disease free. Eight clones were rated as susceptible while rest were highly susceptible. All other 18 hybrids/clones of P. deltoides, P. robusta, P. yunnanensis, P. trichocarpa, P. eugenii, P. oxford, P. gwayder and P. regenerata were found to be immune.

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Sanjeev Sharma , R. C. Sharma , J. N. Sharma

Abstract

Variation in the dimensions of urediniospores of Melampsora ciliata harvested from different Poplar species grown under different environmental conditions has been observed in the present investigations. Smallest urediniospores (20.88 x 15.43 µm) produced on P. ciliata were recorded at Rahla (Zone III) while largest (36.30 x 19.97 µm) were recorded at Raison (Zone II). Urediniospores produced on P. deltoides and P. nigra were smaller in size at Nauni and Raison (Zone II), while larger spores on these species were recorded at Shoghi and Tapri (Zone III). Spores produced in pustules of P. alba at Spillo were smaller as compared to those produced at Reckong Peo. Irrespective of the host genotype and climatic zone, smallest urediniospores were produced on P. alba.

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S. C. Panwar , A. N. Kaushal , R. C. Sharma

Abstract

Physico-chemical characters and fungal spoilage of machiney and desi Katha dried at six different temperatures and nine relative humidity levels were studied. Catechin content was maximum and tannins were least when Katha batties were dried at 5 or 10°C. Discolouration of batties and mould incidence (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium funiculosum) was also least when drying was carried at 5°C followed by 10°C. Maximum catechin was in Katha dried at 40 and 45 per cent relative humidity. As the relative humidity during Katha drying was increased above 50 per cent, there was corresponding increase in tannins. Discolouration and catechin/tannin ratio was also least when Katha was dried at 40 or 45 per cent relative humidity. Drying at higher relative humidity (above 55%) favours invasion by A. niger and P. funiculosum moulds.

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R. C. Sharma

Abstract

The role and importance of forests in maintaining the life support system in terms of ecological, economic and socio-cultural framework is better understood now and accordingly the incongruous forestry administration is undergoing a paradigm shift from regulatory to participatory management. Whilst sporadic efforts were made by some self-initiated groups and individuals, the National Forest Policy, 1988 and the enabling resolution of the Government of India, 1990 coupled with recent Constitutional Amendment conferring ownership rights of minor forest produce on village level organizations, form a watershed in the saga of Joint Forest Management (JFM) in India. Foresters, though well equipped with silvicultural armoury, had to tread hitherto unknown path of sociological variables. In order to inculcate attitudinal change and capacity building, national as well as regional level training institutes are organizing orientation and training programmes covering wide array of social issues including theory and tools of participatory techniques. However, with an impressive 36,075 village level committees, jointly managing around 10.24 million hectares forests in 22 states, the outcome has been uneven for variety of reasons. JFM being driven by the "helplessness" of the state and with little mindset change, foresters tend to hold on to their territorial and silvicultural moorings and perceive JFM as a tool to win the locals by offering employment and some usufruct sharing. People, on the other hand with their past experience have little faith in state apparatus. Their aspiration is, not to remain mere passive wage earners but to become active partners and owners of the assets created. The ground reality is that apart from policy regulations and their enforcement, complex social values born out of history, culture and traditions, determine the out come. The message is loud and clear- wherever a resilient and adaptive management has taken good care of these human sensitivities, chances to succeed are better.

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Manica Tomar , R. C. Sharma

Abstract

No abstract

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Sanjeev Sharma , R. C. Sharma , A. K. Gupta

Abstract

Variation in the dimensions of urediniopustules and urediniospores of Melampsora ciliata produced on different popular species/cultivars/clones/hybrids has been observed in the present investigations. Smallest urediniopustules were produced on P.deltoides 'Lux' (0.38 mm) while largest on P.yunnanensis (1.34 mm). In P.ciliata clones/hybrids, smallest urediniopustules were recorded in 53M1 (0.16 mm) while largest in Chhatrari (0.90 mm). Largest spore size (33.6 × 16.3 μm) was recorded on P.deltoides 'Lux' and 64M1 (36.3 × 17.3 μm) while smallest on P. xeuramericana 'Robusta AE' and 53M1. Irrespective of species/cultivars, urediniospore size ranged from 13.1-39.3 × 13.1- 19.6 μm. The average urediniospore size of M.ciliata produced on P.ciliata clones ranged from 30.8 -36.3 × 15.4 - 17.1 μm while that on hybrids from 27.2 - 36.3 × 14.5 - 20.0 μm.

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R. C. Sharma , Mohinder Pal , Ranjeet Singh

Abstract

Forty provenances of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) were screened against Ganoderma ischolar_main rot under the natural conditions in a randomized block design. Variations to the extent of mortality and plants showing initial ischolar_main rot symptoms were recorded. None of the provenance remained disease free. However, least mortality (2.0%) was recorded in Barielly provenance followed by 4.2 per cent in Rampur provenance and rated as resistant to Ganoderma ischolar_main rot. In the plantation of Rampur and Barielly provenances, 4.2 and 10.4 per cent plants, respectively showed initial symptoms of ischolar_main rot. Highest mortality (33.4%) was recorded in Banaras provenance followed by 29.2 per cent in each Nazibabad and Etawah provenances. In terms of height and diameter, Kankai provenance was rated as best but it was moderately susceptible (14.6% tree mortality) to Ganoderma ischolar_main rot. Provenance Rampur, which was rated as resistant with 2.0 per cent tree mortality, was fifth best in terms of plant height and diameter at breast height

Keywords

Ganoderma Root Rot, Performance, Dalbergia sissoo, Provenances, Relative Resistance

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N. V. Singh , R. C. Sharma , C. B. Chhimwal

Abstract

The results of experiments conducted to establish superiority of newly evolved clones of Poplar (Populus deltoides) over exotic clones has been described in this paper.

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R. C. Sharma , Sanjeev Sharma , D. K. Khurana

Abstract

Growing demand of Poplar wood for manufacture of fruit boxes, plyboard, match sticks due to its fast growth and colourless wood have led to extensive plantation of this species. This has resulted in severe outbreak of a number of diseases. Alternaria alternata is one of the most destructive pathogens of Populus species in nurseries resulting in premature defoliation. During 1997, an expcriment was conducted to assess 232 different cloneslhybrids of P. ciliata and P. deltoides against A. alternata. Out of 29 clones and 75 hybrids of P. ciliata, 3 clones and 22 hybrids remained free from the disease. In 11 clones and 2 hybrids of P. ciliata, disease reaction varied from resistant to moderately resistant. Out of 73 clones and 7 hybrids of P. deltoides, 64 clones and 7 hybrids remained free from the disease. All the 46 families of P. deltoides screened were found free from the disease.

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R. C. Sharma

Abstract

With the ever increasing anthropogenic impact, the life support system of the earth is under constant pressure. The adverse effect is reflected by way of natural resource degradation, leading to reduction in productivity which ends up in enhanced poverty and misery. Poverty, malnutrition and illiteracy are the main causes of population growth that further accentuates the degradation process. This, ultimately forms a vicious circle of natural resource degradation including forests. To conserve our forests, by and large, foresters concentrated on 'tree', without appreciating the interdependence of various facets of the vicious circle. Forestry is not an end in itself. It ought to be looked as an integral part of the ecosystem, operating within the social, political and economic framework. Forestry is for people. Since traditional forestry management focussed only on single aspects of the vicious circle, no tangible achievements in respect of reversing or arresting the trend of degradation were forthcoming. The Total Forest Management (TFM) is an innovative approach for conservation of forests, which attempts to address the malady in totality by keeping 'people' in the centre. The local people, local resource and local technology constitute the cornerstones of the green triangle which operates within the socio'political milieu so that the human aspect is taken care of. The system is being tried in five different areas of Madhya Pradesh by developing a package of 'hardware' of physical activities and 'software' of human sensitivities, which help in productivity enhancement through on farm and off farm activities. Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP), with its attendant instrumentalities constitute the back bone of the system. The result is that the forest dwellers are not mere passive recipients of the programme but have become active partners in the endeavour and in many cases even proud owner of the hardware.

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L. N. Bhardwaj , R. C. Sharma

Abstract

No abstract

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L. N. Bhardwaj , Y. S. Paul , R. C. Sharma

Abstract

No abstract

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R. C. Sharma , N. B. Singh , D. Tripathi , Anil Sood

Abstract

A survey on the status and distribution of willow mortality in the cold desert of Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh was conducted during 2007. Large scale willow mortality ranging from 2 to 93.8 per cent was recorded in Lahaul sub-division. The extent of mortality was higher in Chandra valley as compared to Pattan and Bhaga valleys. In Spiti sub-division willow mortality was recorded only at Qurith (2%). Investigations revealed that Cytospora canker caused by Cytospora chrysosperma is the major cause of willow mortality. At few places scale insect (Lepidosaphes sp.) infestation was also recorded. Based on the causes of the mortality, a package of recommendations has been suggested to reduce the willow mortality in the cold desert areas.

Keywords

Willow (Salix sp.), Mortality, Cytospora Chrysosperma, Scale Insect, (Lepidosaphes sp.), Cold Desert

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R. C. Sharma

Abstract

Ground waters in Saraswati forest plantation were tested for their quality. The E.C. (micromhos) SAR and RSC ranges between 385 to 1430,0.62 to 5.58 and 1.0 to 5.9 respectively. The Boron was present in five waters and ranges between 0.25 to 1.00 ppm. The use of such water on highly Saline sodic soil with very low pernceability has been discussed.

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Shubhangi Jore ¹, R. C. Sharma ²

Affiliations
1 Prestige Institute of Management and Research, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, IN
2 Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh (Ajmer) 305801, Rajasthan, IN

Abstract

The concept of asymptotic level of consumption is defined as increase in consumption of a commodity with income but only up to a level and then after reaching a maximum level it becomes stable irrespective of income. Especially, food consumption stops increasing with an increase in income because of the limitation associated with digestive system. It is observed that empirical study on maximum food consumption as well as threshold income have not been done on Indian situation. Growing need was felt to conduct an academic study for Indore city with respect to their food consumption pattern to derive the maximum potential level of consumption termed as asymptotic limit of consumption as well as threshold level of income. Data from Indore city are collected on the basis of a sample of size of 714 household units. Then, the asymptotic limit of consumption and threshold level of income have been estimated using reciprocal transformation method. In all the cases, there exists significant positive relationship between income and food consumption. Hence, the first hypothesis, β₁ > 0, was accepted at 5% level of significance for food commodities rice, wheat, other cereals, pulses, dairy products, edible oil, eggs and other food items. This indicates that increase in income results in increase in food consumption derived from the above mentioned food categories. Consumption of these food categories seems to have reasonable prospect for expansion although at a lower rate, especially in the case of animal products. The analysis suggests that consumption is still well below saturation level(asymptotic level) and that appreciable increases are still possible.

Keywords

Asymptotic Limit, Threshold Level, Indore city, Food Consumption.

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S. K. Chauhan ¹, R. C. Sharma ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Postharvest Technology, Dr Y.S.Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan.(H.P) 173 230, IN

Abstract

Production of stone fruits, temperate fruits and ginger are Increasing in tine state of Himachal Pradesh. The fruits are normaly very perishable items mainly stone fruits like plum, apricot and peach. Apricot is not utilized for any product making except for chutney, jam, squash, nectar etc.

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S. Palli ¹, R. C. Sharma ², P. P. D. Rao ¹

Affiliations
1 Mech. Engg. Dept., Aditya Inst. of Tech. and Management, Tekkali, Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Mech. Engg. Dept., Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, IN

Abstract

Conventional vehicle suspension systems, which are passive in nature consists of springs with constant stiffness and dampers with constant damping coefficient. These suspension systems cannot meet the characteristics such as ride comfort, road handing and suspension deflection during abnormal road conditions simultaneously. Active and semi-active suspension systems are the solutions to achieve the desired suspension characteristics. Since, active system is bulky and requires high energy for working, a semi-active suspension system is considered in the present work to analyze vehicle traversing over various road profiles for ride comfort. Mathematical model of a 7 DoF passenger car is formulated using Newton’s method. A semi-active suspension system with skyhook linear control strategy avoids the road excitations at resonant frequencies by shifting the natural frequencies of the model by varying damping coefficients based on the vehicle response for different road conditions where the excitations could be harmonic, transient and random. Modal analysis is carried out to identify the un-damped natural frequencies and mode shapes for different values of damping. The above analyses are carried out through analytical and numerical methods using MATLAB and ANSYS software respectively and the results obtained from both are in good agreement.

Keywords

Dynamic Response, Modal Analysis, Natural Frequency, Mathematical Model, ANSYS, MATLAB.

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R. C. Asiwal ¹, R. C. Sharma ¹, Basant Kumar Sharma ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Economics, S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan), IN

Abstract

The present study investigates the functioning of Agricultural labour market in Jaipur district of Rajasthan. The Chomu tehsil was purposively selected for study. A cluster of three villages namely, Jaitpura, Kanpura and Khushalpura was randomly selected from the selected tehsil. From above selected villages, a sample of sixty respondents was selected at random with the help of probability proportion. Primary data were collected from the selected agricultural labour households by personally interviewing the results of study revealed that more than 80 per cent of the households reported either borrowing or leasing in land from their employers in all selected villages. Further, labour-credit interlocking was much more pronounced as compared to labour-land interlocking. The number of days worked on lower wages per annum varied from as high as 81.00 in Khushalpura to 61.00 in Jaitpura. The implicit rate of interest varied between as high as 36.00 per cent in Khushalpura and 24.00 per cent in Jaitpura. The incidence of hereditary debt was reported only in one sample villages, which was Rs. 12500 in Khushalpura. The incidence of labour land interlocking was very low; it varied from 14 per cent to around 18 per cent sample households involved in such interlocking. The low incidence of labour land interlocking was primarily due to the fact that most of the agricultural labour households did not have the supporting inputs, like bullocks and other farm implements which are essentially required in farming.

Keywords

Interlocking, Probability, Household, Incidence, Implicit, Explicit, Functioning.

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Pushpa Jharia ¹, Jagriti Borkar ¹, Sandhya Mure ¹, R. C. Sharma ¹

Affiliations
1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra (JNKVV), Harda (M.P.), IN

Abstract

Harda district in central M.P. has acquired the tag of “Mini Punjab” due to bumper wheat production in the last few years coupled with “Soybean” as cash crop during monsoon season. The economy of the area has grown rapidly, but there is a dark side to this new prosperity. “Mono-cropping” is slowly but surely making the farmer of this area overly dependent on these two crops.

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Pushpa Jharia ¹, Sarvesh Kumar ¹, Jagriti Borkar ¹, Sandhya Mure ¹, R. C. Sharma ¹

Affiliations
1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra (JNKVV), Harda (M.P.), IN

Abstract

The progress of human civilization mainly depend on agriculture in Harda district for sustainable income and employment people seen to be very much dependent on mostly two crops that is in Kharif soybean crop and Rabiwheat crop. The majority of small scale farmer use old variety of wheat which give low yield due to lack of resistant to insect, pest, diseases, drought and other stress. High yielding variety of wheat offer much higher yields, new varieties of wheat have been released for cultivation, higher tolerance/resistant to insect-pest, diseases, heat, cold. It has also higher nutritional value, excellent dalia and bread making quality and other special traits.

Keywords

High Yielding, Variety, Poshan (HI-8663), Wheat.

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